Do you know how much space there is between it and the metal? Stiffening is always best done by increasing the thickness, so if there's room for some battens that's the route I'd take. Failing that, if you've got the resin out, add some glassfibre?
If you used spray contact adhesive you did good, putting it on both surfaces does not go well! (Probably ok on the flat bits but there are no second chances when you get to the interesting bits).
As @brianp38dse says, no. It only takes 3 or 4 cubic feet to inflate the average car tyre from flat, and the ones I've used would take a couple of minutes to get there, so at best 2cfm. You need at least 6 times that. If you had an air tank you could fill that slowly and then get a few minutes...
Good point.
I had a look back at previous questions, and post #4 here https://www.landyzone.co.uk/land-rover/lt76-layshaft-im-confused.334034/ might be useful. James Martin used to be our gearbox guru!
That's not good. On the one hand sounding like a big end but not continuous. I'd check the oil level, if it's low then I can imagine it sometimes suppressing the noise/sometimes not. Then drain it and see if there's metal. Possibly something happening under the timing cover, so is it louder...