Normally the brushes go first or are stuck in the brush holder-so worth a check.
The diodes should be low resistance with the meter leads one way round,and very high resistance when the leads are reversed.
You can test an alternator if you have a battery drill,and you can get the end of the shaft in the drill.Connect a 12volt bulb(indicator) between the big output terminal and ground the other end on the alt body-next you need to connect a 12v battery with the +ve on the field/exciter coil connection (small contact) and then connect the -ve battery to the alt body.Start the drill, the bulb should glow very bright if all is working.
This is a quick way of testing an alt at a breakers,and out of the car.